Robert Nawrocki

Patents

1. Nawrocki, R. A., Fan, J. Method of Making Flexible Transducers, US Patent Pub. No.: US 2025/0092575 A1; Appl. No: 18/889,005, 2025.
2. Nawrocki, R. A., Fan, J. Flexible transducer, US Patent Pub. No.: US 2025/0098543 A1; Appl. No: 18/889,014, 2025.
3. Nawrocki, R.A., Fan, J., Newell, B., Garcia-Bravo, J.M., Piezoelectric sensors and methods and apparatuses for producing piezoelectric sensors, US Patent App. 18/336,567, 2023
4. Nawrocki, R.A., Fan, J., Newell, B., Garcia-Bravo, J.M., Capacitive sensors and methods and apparatuses for producing capacitive sensors, US Patent App. 18/336,191, 2023

Publications

1. Fan J., Xu, S., Newell, B., Garcia, J., Wu, W., Nawrocki, R.A., Liquid-based Material Extrusion of Flexible Silver Electrodes onto Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Microfibers for Soft Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors: Towards Fully Three-dimensional Printed Functional Materials, Nano Energy, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110820, 2025
2. Vyshniakova, K., Hosseini, M.J.M., Bai, H., Fatahi, M., Malacco, V.M.R., Donkin, S.S., Voyles, R.M., Zhang, H.H., Nawrocki, R.A., Aqueous Ammonia Sensor with Neuromorphic Detection, Advanced Electronic Materials, doi: 10.1002/aelm.202400509, 2024
3. Yang, Y., Voyles, R.M., Zhang, H.H., Nawrocki, R.A., Fractional-order spike timing dependent gradient descent for multi-layer spiking neural networks, Neurocomputing, doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2024.128662, 2024
4. Bai, H., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., Inkjet Printing of a Gate Insulator: Towards Fully Printable Organic Field Effect Transistor, electronic materials, doi: 10.3390/electronicmat5030011, 2024
5. Simons, K., Vyshniakova, K., Nawrocki, R.A., El-Shahat, A., Newell, B., The Effects of Electroplating on the Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Structures, ASME 2023 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), doi: 10.1115/SMASIS2023-110933, 2023
6. Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., Yang, Y., Kruger, W., Yokota, T., Lee, S., Someya, T., Nawrocki, R.A., 270 nm ultra-thin self-adhesive conformable and long-term air-stable complimentary organic transistors and amplifiers​, npj Flexible Electronics, doi: 10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y, 2023
7. Yang, Y., Bartolozzi, C., Zhang. H.H., Nawrocki, R.A., Neuromorphic electronics for robotic perception, navigation and control: A survey, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106838, 2023
8. Kaur, U., Malacco, V.M.R., Bai, H., Price, T.P., Datta, A., Xin, L., Sen, S.,  Nawrocki, R.A., Chiu, G., Sundaram, S., Min, B.C., Daniels, K.M., White, R.R., Donkin, S.S., Brito, R.F., Voyles R.M., Invited Review: Integration of Technologies and Systems for Precision Animal Agriculture – A Case Study on Precision Dairy Farming, Journal of Animal Science, doi: 10.1093/jas/skad206, 2023
9. Yang, Y., Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., Kruger, W., Nawrocki, R.A., Modular Modeling of Analog Organic Neuromorphic Circuits: Toward Prototyping of Hardware-Level Spiking Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2022.3226163, 2022
10. Fan J., Deneke, N., Xu, S.,Newell, B., Garcia, J., Davis, C., Wu, W., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., Electric Poling-assisted Additive Manufacturing Technique for Piezoelectric Active Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Films: Towards Fully Three-dimensional Printed Functional Materials, Additive Manufacturing, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.103248, 2022
11. Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., Yang, Y., Prendergast, A.J., Donati, E., Faezipour, M., Indiveri, G., Nawrocki, R.A., An organic synaptic circuit: towards flexible and biocompatible organic neuromorphic processing, Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, doi: 10.1088/2634-4386/ac830c, 2022
12. Prendergast, A. J., Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., Nawrocki, R. A., Faezipour, M., Real-Time Generation of Hyperbolic Neuronal Spiking Patterns, 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), doi: 10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9870915, 2022.
13. Bai, H., Yang, Y., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., No hysteresis TIPS-pentacene:polystyrene Blend-based Organic Field Effect Transistor by Extruded Direct Ink Writing and the Application in Resistive Load Inverter Circuit, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, doi: 10.1039/D2TC00948J, 2022
14. Fan, J., Newell, B., Garcia, J., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Effect Of Additive Manufacturing On β -Phase Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Based Capacitive Temperature Sensors, Advanced Engineering Materials, doi: 10.1002/adem.202200485, 2022
15. Bai, H., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Invited review: Sensor technologies for real-time monitoring of the rumen environment, Journal of Dairy Science, doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-20576, 2022
16. Gonzalez, D., Garcia, J., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., Newell, B., Characterization of 3D printed pneumatic soft actuator, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.113337, 2022
17. Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., Donati, E., Indiveri, G., Nawrocki, R.A., Organic Log-Domain Integrator Synapse, Advanced Electronic Materials, doi: 10.1002/aelm.202100724, 2022
18. Gonzalez, D., Garcia, J., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., Newell, B., Characterization of 3D printed pneumatic soft actuator, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.113337, 2021
19. Fan, J., Newell, B., Garcia, J., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Contact-Poling Enhanced, Fully 3D Printed PVdF Pressure Sensors: Towards 3D Printed Functional Materials, ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, doi: 10.1115/SMASIS2021-67832, 2021
20. Yang, Y., Bai, H., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Fractional Drift-Diffusion Model of Organic Field Effect Transistors Including Effects of Bending Stress for Smart Materials, ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, doi: 10.1115/SMASIS2021-68344, 2021
21. Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., and Nawrocki, R.A., A Review of the Progress of Thin-Film Transistors and Their Technologies for Flexible Electronics, Micromachines, doi: 10.3390/mi12060655, 2021
22. Yang, Y., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., A Fractional Drift Diffusion Model for Organic Semiconductor Devices, CMC-Computers Materials & Continua, doi: 10.32604/cmc.2021.017439, 2021
23. Yang, Y., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Modeling of the electrical characteristics of an organic field effect transistor in presence of the bending effects, Organic Electronics, doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2020.106000, 2020
24. Mirshojaeian Hosseini, M.J., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Organic Electronics Axon-Hillock Neuromoprhic Circuit: Towards Biologically Compatible, And Physically Flexible Integrate-And-Fire Spiking Neural Networks, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/abc585, 2020
25. Yang, Y., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Modeling of an Internal Stress and Strain Distribution of an Inverted Staggered Thin-Film Transistor Based on Two-Dimensional Mass-Spring-Damper Structure, Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, doi: 10.32604/cmes.2020.010165, 2020
26. Bai, H., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Impedimetric, PEDOT:PSS-based Organic ElectroChemical Sensor for Detection of Histamine for Precision Animal Agriculture, IEEE Sensors Letters, doi: 10.1109/LSENS.2020.3025162, 2020
27. Delbruck, T., Nawrocki, R.A., et al., Lessons Learned the Hard Way, 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), doi: 10.1109/ISCAS45731.2020.9180983, 2020
28. Nawrocki, R.A., Super- and ultra-thin organic field effect transistors: from flexibility to super- and ultra-flexibility​, Advanced Functional Materials, doi: 10.1002/adfm.201906908, 2019
29. Pavlica, E., Pastukhova, N., Nawrocki, R.A., Ciesielski, A., Tkachuk, V., Samori, P., Bratina, G., Enhancement of Charge Transport in Polythiophene Semiconducting Polymer by Blending with Graphene Nanoparticles, ChemPlusChem, doi: 10.1002/cplu.201900219, 2019
30. Aghamohammadi, N.R., Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Ayad, M., Kusuma, D., Designer Polymers: Additive Manufacturing of Smart Materials as a Complement to Injection Molding, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2019
31. Nawrocki, R.A., Hanbit, J., Lee, S., Yokota, T., Sekino, M., Someya, T., Self-Adhesive and Ultra-Conformable Sub 300-nm Dry Thin-Film Electrodes for Surface Monitoring of Biopotentials, Advanced Functional Materials, doi: 10.1002/adfm.201803279, 2018
32. ​Zhang, H.H., Nawrocki, R.A., Li, Q., On Basics and Applications of Multidisciplinary Engineering and Technology Education, CEAD, ISBN-13: 978-613-9-93799-8, 2018
33. ​Ayad, M., Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Lee, J., Lee, H., Leon-Salas, W.D., Nucleos: Toward Rapid-Prototyping of Robotic Materials That Can Sense, Think And Act, SMASIS 2018-8245, doi: 10.1115/SMASIS2018-8245, 2018
34. Balakuntala, M.V., Ayad, M., Voyles, R.M., White, R., Nawrocki, R.A., Sundaram, S., Priya, S., Chiu, G., Donkin, S., Min, B-C., Daniels, K., Global Sustainability Through Closed-Loop Precision Animal Agriculture, Mechanical Engineering Magazine, doi: 10.1115/1.2018-Jun-7, 2018
35. Sheregar, D., Hung, V., Walker, J., Hoilett, O., Linnes, J., Nawrocki, R.A., Thin Film Cocaine Sensors, The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium, https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/surf/2018/Presentations/130/, 2018
36. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Shaheen, S.E., A Mini-Review of Neuromorphic Architectures and Implementations, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, doi: 10.1109/ted.2016.2598413, 2016
37. Lee, S., Reuveny, A., Matsuhisa, N., Nawrocki, R.A., N., Yokota, T., Someya, T., Enhancement of Closed-Loop Gain of Organic Amplifiers Using Double Gate Structures, IEEE Electron Device Letters, doi: 10.1109/led.2016.2554159, 2016
38. Nawrocki, R.A., Matsuhisa, N., Yokota, T., Someya, T., 300-nm Imperceptible, Ultraflexible, and Biocompatible e-Skin Fit with Tactile Sensors and Organic Transistors, Advanced Electronic Materials, doi: 10.1002/aelm.201500452, 2016
39. Nawrocki, R.A., Lee, S., Matsuhisa, N., Yokota, T., Someya, T., 300 nm High Gain Multi Stage Organic CMOS Inverters, International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials, doi: 10.7567/SSDM.2016.F-1-03, 2016
40. Nawrocki, R.A., Pavlica, E., Ćelić, N., Orlov, D., Mihailović, D., Bratina, G., Fabrication of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanowires for High-Mobility Transistors, Organic Electronics, doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2015.11.038, 2016
41. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Shaheen, S.E., Neurons in Polymer: Hardware Neural Unites based on Polymer Memristive Devices and Transistors, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, doi: 10.1109/ted.2014.2346700, 2014
42. Nawrocki, R.A., Galiger, E.M., Bailey, B.A., Ostrowski, D., Jiang, X., Voyles, R.M., Kopidakis, N., Olson, D.C., Shaheen, S.E., An Inverted, Organic WORM Device Based on PEDOT:PSS with Very Low Turn-On Voltage, Organic Electronics, doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2014.05.003, 2014
43. Nawrocki, R.A., Fabrication And Application of A Polymer Neuromorphic Circuitry Based on Polymer Memristive Devices and Polymer Transistors, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Denver, 2014
44. Cui, Y., Voyles, R.M., Nawrocki, R.A., Jiang, G., The Morphing Bus: A New Paradigm in Peripheral Interconnect Bus, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, doi: 10.1109/tcpmt.2013.2273663, 2013
45. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Shaheen, S.E., Polymer and Nanoparticle-Composite Bistable Devices: Physics of Operation and Initial Applications, Advances in Neuromorphic Memristor Science and Applications, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4491-2_15, 2012
46. Nawrocki, R.A., Shalaan, M., Shaheen, S. E., Lorenzon, N.M., Monitoring Performance Degradation of Cerebellar Functions Using Computational Neuroscience Methods: Implications on Neurological Diseases, Public Library of Science, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045581, 2012
47. Nawrocki, R.A., Frutiger, D. R., Voyles, R.M., Nelson, B. J., Wireless Electrical Power to Submillimeter Robots, IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automation, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-33515-0_31, 2012
48. Nawrocki, R.A., Simulation, Application, And Resilience of An Organic Neuromorphic Architecture, Made With Organic Bistable Devices And Organic Field Effect Transistors, Master of Science, University of Denver, 2011
49. Nawrocki, R.A., Yang, X., Shaheen, S.E., Voyles, R.M., Structured Computational Polymers for a Soft Robot: Actuation and Cognition, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, doi: 10.1109/icra.2011.5980122, 2011
50. Nawrocki, R.A., Shaheen, S.E., Voyles, R.M., A Neuromorphic Architecture from Single Transistor Neurons With Organic Bistable Devices for Weights, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, doi: 10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033256, 2011
51. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Artificial Neural Network Performance Degradation Under Network Damage: Stuck-At Faults, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, doi: 10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033255, 2011
52. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Shaheen, S.E., Structured Computational Polymers for Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics, IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security and Rescue Robots, doi: 10.1109/ssrr.2011.6106800, 2011
53. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Shaheen, S.E., Simulating Hardware Neural Networks with Organic Memristors and Organic Field Effect Transistors, Artificial Neural Networks In Engineering, doi: 10.1115/1.859599.paper59, 2010
54. Nawrocki, R.A., Voyles, R.M., Shalaan, M., Monitoring Artificial Neural Network Performance Degradation Under Network Damage, Artificial Neural Networks In Engineering, doi: 10.1115/1.859599.paper13, 2010
55. Nawrocki, R.A., Shaheen, S.E., Yang, X., Voyles, R.M., Towards an All-Polymer Robot for Search and Rescue, IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics, doi: 10.1109/ssrr.2009.5424154, 2009
56. Nawrocki, R.A., Abisaleh, D., Rojas-Cessa, R., Implementation of Scheduling Algorithms for Input-Queued Packet Switches: an Undergraduate Senior Project Experience, Proceedings of the X Workshop, Iberchip, 2004

Invited Talks

1. Towards Flexible, Printable Neuromorphic Perception for Soft Robotics, Neuromorphic Haptics - Transitioning From Touch Sensors to Perception, 2023
2. Soft Computing with Soft Materials, 2nd Workshop on Neuromorphic Organic Devices, 2022
3. Soft Spiking Synaptic Circuits for Neural Interfaces, Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring Meeting, 2022
4. Spiking Organic Electronics Synaptic Circuits, Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting, 2021
5. Organic Electronics Axon-Hillock Neuron: Towards Flexible and Biocompatible Network of Spiking Neurons, European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) Spring Meeting, 2021
6. Physically Flexible and Biological Compatible Demonstration of an Organic Electronics Axon-Hillock Neural Circuit, Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting, 2020
7. Organic electronic Axon-Hillock neural circuit: towards biologically compatible, and physically flexible Integrate-and-Fire spiking neural networks, European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) Spring Meeting, 2020
8. Organic BioElectronic Neural Interfaces, Purdue Honors College “How we Think: We’re Already Cyborgs”, 2019
9. Organic Bio-Electronics: Health Care and Soft Robotics, Central Indiana Section IEEE Engineering Conference (CIS-IEEE), 2017
10. 300 nm imperceptible organic electronics: technology and the future of medical applications, Emerging Technologies; Communications, Microsystems, Optoelectronics, Sensors (ETCMOS), 2017
11. Organic bio-electronics for health care applications, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS): Science Dialog, 2017
12. Ultra-thin, ultra-flexible, ultra-conformable electronics for healthcare, biomedical applications, European Materials Research Society (E-MRS), 2016
13. Organic electronics artificial e-skin for human, prosthetic, and robotic application, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS): Science Dialog, 2016
14. Memristive Synapses for Neuromorphic Systems, Capo Caccia Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop, 2011

Conferences and Presentations

1. Form+Function 4D Printing: Printed Organic Field Effect Transistors, Materials Research Society (MRS), 2023
2. Simulation of Organic Field Effect Transistor In Presence of Stress/Strain Effects, Materials Research Society (MRS), 2022
3. Spiking Organic Electronics Synaptic Circuits, Materials Research Society (MRS), 2021
4. Organic Electronics Axon-Hillock Neuron: Towards Flexible and Biocompatible Network of Spiking Neurons, European Materials Research Society (MRS), 2021
5. Electrochemical ZnO-Based Sensor for Aqueous Ammonia Detection for Precision Animal Agriculture, ElectroChemical Society (ECS), 2021
6. Impedimetric Detection of Histamine Using PEDOT:PSS-Based Organic Electrochemical Sensor for Precision Animal Agriculture, ElectroChemical Society (ECS), 2021
7. Flexible Thin-Film Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Cocaine, Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES), 2020
8. Organic ElectroChemical Transistor-based Impedimetric Histamine Sensor, International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS), 2020
9. The effects of additive manufacturing and poling techniques on PVdF thin films: Towards 3D printed functional materials, The ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), 2020
10. 3D Printed of Flexible Sensing Actuators, The ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), 2020
11. Production of 3D Printed Flexible Strain Sensors, The ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS), 2020
12. Confession Session: Lessons Learned the Hard Way, The IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2020
13. Polymer Neuromorphic Circuit Based on Polymer Memristive Devices and Polymer Transistors, The 1st Workshop on Neuromorphic Organic Devices, 2019
14. Motion Artifact Free Monitoring of Biopotentials, International Winterschool on Bioelectronics Conference (BioEl), 2019
15. Sub-300 nm, Self-Adhesive and Ultra-Conformable Dry Thin-Film Electrodes For Motion Artifact-Less Monitoring of Surface Biopotentials, Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting, 2018
16. Motion Artifact Free Monitoring of EMG/ECG Biopotentials Using Sub-300 nm Self-Adhesive and Ultra-Conformable Au/Parylene Thin-Film Electrodes, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition (IMECE), 2018
17. NUCLEOS: Toward Rapid-Prototyping of Robotic Materials That Can Sense, Think and Act, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers International Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures, and Intelligent Systems (ASME SMASIS), 2018
18. Sub-300-nm thin-film sensors for EMG and ECG monitoring, International Winterschool on Bioelectronics (BioEl), 2017
19. 300-nm High Gain Multi-Stage Organic CMOS Inverters, Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM), 2016
20. 300-nm and ultra-flexible, skin-compatible organic transistors, pseudo-CMOS and CMOS amplifiers for artificial skin in medical applications, Materials Research Society (MRS), 2016
21. 300-nm Highly Conformable Organic Thin Film Transistor, International Thin-Film Transistor Conference (ITC), 2016
22. Time-of-flight photoconductivity in polymer/graphene blends, American Physical Society (APS), 2015
23. Organic Field Effect Transistors: Device Architectures and Fabrication, Organic Electronics Lecture at University of Colorado in Boulder, 2014
24. Polymer Neuromorphic Circuitry: Biological Information Processing in Polymers, Graduate Research Symposium at University of Denver, 2013
25. Polymer Electronics for Low Power Conformable Displays, Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics Workshop, 2012
26. Organic Electronics, Industry Day at University of Denver, 2012
27. Towards an All-Polymer Robot for Search and Rescue, Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics Workshop, 2009

Posters

1. Fabrication of Thin Film Electrochemical Opioid Sensors, Purdue Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF), 2018
2. 300-nm ultra-flexible and skin-compatible organic transistors for e-skin, Symposium on Supramolecular Chemistry and Functional Materials (CEMSupra), 2016
3. Organic Semiconductors for Space Flight Applications, AeroSpace Ventures Day at University of Colorado in Boulder, 2014
4. PaperBots – Rapid Prototyping of Inexpensive Robots” and “Structured Computational Polymers, Undergraduate Outreach at Purdue University, 2013
5. Deposition of Organic Photovoltaic Thin Films via Blade-coating, Undergraduate Outreach at University of Denver, 2012
6. Monitoring Performance Degradation of Cerebellar Functions Using Computational Neuroscientific Methods, Front Range Neuroscience Group, 2009
7. The time evolution of entropy during the training of neural networks, Front Range Neuroscience Group, 2008